Security Transactions: Pledge and Mortgage

A. General Concepts

      Art. 2085, Art. 2087

B. Obligations Secured

      Art. 2086, Art. 2052, Art. 209

C. Contract to Pledge or to Mortgage

      Art. 2092

D.  Remedies of Pledgee and Mortgagee

E. Indivisibility of a Pledge or Mortgage

      Art. 2089, Art. 2090

F. Pactum Commissorium

      Art. 2087, Art. 2088

      1.  Elements

      2.  Effect on Pledge or Mortgage

Development Bank of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.118342, January 5, 1998, 284 SCRA 14.

Bustamante v. Rosel, G. R. No. 126800, November 29, 1999, 319 SCRA 413.

Ong v. Roban Lending Corporation, G.R. No. 172592, July 9, 2008, 557 SCRA 516.

G. Equitable Mortgage

      Art. 1602 to 1605